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The baseline clinical toxicity threshold is approximately 25 mg/kg. Doses approaching or exceeding 5x this threshold represent critical or life-threatening exposure.
Primary mechanism: Competitive antagonism of adenosine receptors and intracellular calcium mobilization. Symptoms typically manifest in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or central nervous systems depending on absorbed bioavailability.
Emesis must NEVER be induced if the patient is already showing neurological symptoms (ataxia, tremors, seizures), is comatose, has ingested caustic/corrosive agents, or is a species incapable of vomiting (e.g., horses, rabbits, rodents).