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N(t) = K ÷ [1 + ((K - N₀) ÷ N₀) × e^(-rt)]. Unlike exponential growth, it incorporates density-dependent environmental resistance as density approaches carrying capacity K.
When population density drops below a critical threshold, individuals struggle to locate mates or coordinate group defenses, causing growth rate r to become negative, leading to extinction vortices.
K is not a static constant; it shifts dynamically with seasonal rainfall, apex predator presence, resource depletion, habitat fragmentation, and anthropogenic disturbances.